The conflict in Cabo Delgado, Mozambique, has taken a troubling turn as insurgent forces have adopted a new and deadly strategy – the use of improvised explosive devices (IEDs). This shift underscores the evolving nature of the insurgency’s tactics and its significant impact on security forces in the region. ISM is only the most recent od ISIS’ provinces that have taken to incorporate IEDs in the attack arsenals. It is important to explore the broader implications of the IED threat in Cabo Delgado.
The Emergence of IEDs
The recent wave of IED attacks represents a significant shift in the tactics employed by the insurgency in Cabo Delgado. Previously, the insurgency had primarily relied on small arms assaults on military and civilian targets. However, IEDs have provided them with a new and effective means of warfare. These devices are designed to minimize casualties on their side while inflicting chaos and preventing security forces from responding effectively. The invisible threat of hidden bombs has already taken a psychological toll on Mozambican troops, who were unprepared for this type of warfare.
IEDs have been particularly aimed at targeting crucial roads that are vital for security forces’ movement in the region. The increasing sophistication of these devices and their pressure-activated nature suggest a growing expertise among the insurgent ranks. Security forces in Cabo Delgado suspect the presence of up to four bomb makers, highlighting the IEDs’ new level of proficiency.
Challenges Faced by Security Forces
The adoption of IEDs by ISM has in a way leveled the playing field in many ways. Security forces, including the Rwandan Security Forces (RSF) and the Southern African Development Community Mission in Mozambique (SAMIM), have been mainly targeted by roadside bombs, putting them on the frontlines more than they have been in the past. Insurgents had traditionally avoided direct confrontations with these better-trained and heavily-armed international troops, but IEDs have disrupted this balance.
As the insurgency has been severely weakened notably by the death of its leader, with a significant decline in fighters and offensive capabilities over the last two years, IEDs have emerged as a means of sustaining the fight. They enable the insurgents to continue their operations without exposing themselves to the risk of direct combat with better-equipped forces. This shift in tactics reflects necessity, as the insurgents have lost access to the looted arsenals of the Mozambican Defense and Security Forces (FDS) due to their reduced manpower.
The adoption of IEDs in Cabo Delgado may not be a localized phenomenon. It is consistent with the broader strategy of the Islamic State, which has deployed IEDs in other conflict zones. Insurgent groups affiliated with the Islamic State in various regions have used IEDs as a means to inflict damage and create fear while minimizing their own casualties. The successful use of remotely-detonated explosives is a technique that has been observed in other IS provinces.
However, the extent to which these tactics are coordinated across IS affiliates remains uncertain. It is essential for counter-terrorism efforts to keep an eye on the cross-pollination of tactics and strategies among these groups and adapt their responses accordingly.
Implications and Recommendations
Counter-IED Training: To effectively combat the rising IED threat, it is crucial for security forces in Cabo Delgado to receive specialized training in counter-IED tactics and techniques. International partners should provide support and expertise in this regard to enhance the capabilities of the local troops.
Intelligence and Surveillance: Improving intelligence gathering and surveillance capabilities is essential to detect and dismantle IEDs before they can cause harm. The use of advanced technology and intelligence sharing with international partners is vital.
Community Engagement: Building trust and cooperation with local communities is key in identifying potential IED threats and the presence of insurgent elements. Community members can serve as valuable sources of information.
Addressing the Root Causes: The underlying socio-economic and political issues that fuel the insurgency in Cabo Delgado must be addressed. To truly combat the insurgency, efforts should focus on resolving grievances, improving livelihoods, and promoting stability in the region.
Regional Collaboration: Regional countries and international partners need to work together to curb the spread of this IED trend. Sharing intelligence and coordinating efforts to disrupt the supply chain of IED components is crucial.
The emergence of IEDs as a central tactic in the conflict in Cabo Delgado is a concerning development. It challenges the security forces, disrupts the status quo, and underscores the changing nature of insurgency tactics. To address this evolving threat, a multifaceted approach is needed, focusing on training, intelligence, community engagement, addressing root causes, and international collaboration. Furthermore, it is vital to monitor the potential spread of this trend from other Islamic State provinces and adapt counter-terrorism efforts accordingly to ensure lasting peace and stability in the region.
